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1 <!doctype html>
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2
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3 <title>CodeMirror: reStructuredText mode</title>
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4 <meta charset="utf-8"/>
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5 <link rel=stylesheet href="../../doc/docs.css">
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6
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7 <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../lib/codemirror.css">
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8 <script src="../../lib/codemirror.js"></script>
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9 <script src="../../addon/mode/overlay.js"></script>
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10 <script src="rst.js"></script>
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11 <style>.CodeMirror {border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;}</style>
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12 <div id=nav>
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13 <a href="https://codemirror.net/5"><h1>CodeMirror</h1><img id=logo src="../../doc/logo.png" alt=""></a>
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14
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15 <ul>
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16 <li><a href="../../index.html">Home</a>
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17 <li><a href="../../doc/manual.html">Manual</a>
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18 <li><a href="https://github.com/codemirror/codemirror5">Code</a>
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19 </ul>
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20 <ul>
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21 <li><a href="../index.html">Language modes</a>
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22 <li><a class=active href="#">reStructuredText</a>
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23 </ul>
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24 </div>
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25
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26 <article>
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27 <h2>reStructuredText mode</h2>
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28 <form><textarea id="code" name="code">
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29 .. This is an excerpt from Sphinx documentation: http://sphinx.pocoo.org/_sources/rest.txt
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30
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31 .. highlightlang:: rest
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32
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33 .. _rst-primer:
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34
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35 reStructuredText Primer
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36 =======================
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37
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38 This section is a brief introduction to reStructuredText (reST) concepts and
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39 syntax, intended to provide authors with enough information to author documents
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40 productively. Since reST was designed to be a simple, unobtrusive markup
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41 language, this will not take too long.
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42
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43 .. seealso::
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44
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45 The authoritative `reStructuredText User Documentation
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46 <http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html>`_. The "ref" links in this
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47 document link to the description of the individual constructs in the reST
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48 reference.
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49
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50
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51 Paragraphs
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52 ----------
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53
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54 The paragraph (:duref:`ref <paragraphs>`) is the most basic block in a reST
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55 document. Paragraphs are simply chunks of text separated by one or more blank
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56 lines. As in Python, indentation is significant in reST, so all lines of the
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57 same paragraph must be left-aligned to the same level of indentation.
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58
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59
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60 .. _inlinemarkup:
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61
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62 Inline markup
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63 -------------
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64
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65 The standard reST inline markup is quite simple: use
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66
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67 * one asterisk: ``*text*`` for emphasis (italics),
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68 * two asterisks: ``**text**`` for strong emphasis (boldface), and
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69 * backquotes: ````text```` for code samples.
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70
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71 If asterisks or backquotes appear in running text and could be confused with
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72 inline markup delimiters, they have to be escaped with a backslash.
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73
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74 Be aware of some restrictions of this markup:
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75
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76 * it may not be nested,
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77 * content may not start or end with whitespace: ``* text*`` is wrong,
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78 * it must be separated from surrounding text by non-word characters. Use a
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79 backslash escaped space to work around that: ``thisis\ *one*\ word``.
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80
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81 These restrictions may be lifted in future versions of the docutils.
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82
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83 reST also allows for custom "interpreted text roles"', which signify that the
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84 enclosed text should be interpreted in a specific way. Sphinx uses this to
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85 provide semantic markup and cross-referencing of identifiers, as described in
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86 the appropriate section. The general syntax is ``:rolename:`content```.
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87
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88 Standard reST provides the following roles:
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89
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90 * :durole:`emphasis` -- alternate spelling for ``*emphasis*``
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91 * :durole:`strong` -- alternate spelling for ``**strong**``
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92 * :durole:`literal` -- alternate spelling for ````literal````
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93 * :durole:`subscript` -- subscript text
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94 * :durole:`superscript` -- superscript text
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95 * :durole:`title-reference` -- for titles of books, periodicals, and other
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96 materials
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97
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98 See :ref:`inline-markup` for roles added by Sphinx.
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99
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100
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101 Lists and Quote-like blocks
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102 ---------------------------
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103
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104 List markup (:duref:`ref <bullet-lists>`) is natural: just place an asterisk at
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105 the start of a paragraph and indent properly. The same goes for numbered lists;
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106 they can also be autonumbered using a ``#`` sign::
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107
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108 * This is a bulleted list.
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109 * It has two items, the second
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110 item uses two lines.
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111
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112 1. This is a numbered list.
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113 2. It has two items too.
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114
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115 #. This is a numbered list.
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116 #. It has two items too.
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117
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118
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119 Nested lists are possible, but be aware that they must be separated from the
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120 parent list items by blank lines::
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121
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122 * this is
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123 * a list
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124
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125 * with a nested list
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126 * and some subitems
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127
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128 * and here the parent list continues
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129
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130 Definition lists (:duref:`ref <definition-lists>`) are created as follows::
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131
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132 term (up to a line of text)
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133 Definition of the term, which must be indented
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134
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135 and can even consist of multiple paragraphs
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136
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137 next term
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138 Description.
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139
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140 Note that the term cannot have more than one line of text.
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141
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142 Quoted paragraphs (:duref:`ref <block-quotes>`) are created by just indenting
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143 them more than the surrounding paragraphs.
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144
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145 Line blocks (:duref:`ref <line-blocks>`) are a way of preserving line breaks::
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146
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147 | These lines are
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148 | broken exactly like in
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149 | the source file.
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150
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151 There are also several more special blocks available:
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152
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153 * field lists (:duref:`ref <field-lists>`)
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154 * option lists (:duref:`ref <option-lists>`)
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155 * quoted literal blocks (:duref:`ref <quoted-literal-blocks>`)
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156 * doctest blocks (:duref:`ref <doctest-blocks>`)
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157
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158
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159 Source Code
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160 -----------
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161
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162 Literal code blocks (:duref:`ref <literal-blocks>`) are introduced by ending a
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163 paragraph with the special marker ``::``. The literal block must be indented
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164 (and, like all paragraphs, separated from the surrounding ones by blank lines)::
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165
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166 This is a normal text paragraph. The next paragraph is a code sample::
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167
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168 It is not processed in any way, except
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169 that the indentation is removed.
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170
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171 It can span multiple lines.
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172
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173 This is a normal text paragraph again.
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174
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175 The handling of the ``::`` marker is smart:
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176
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177 * If it occurs as a paragraph of its own, that paragraph is completely left
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178 out of the document.
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179 * If it is preceded by whitespace, the marker is removed.
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180 * If it is preceded by non-whitespace, the marker is replaced by a single
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181 colon.
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182
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183 That way, the second sentence in the above example's first paragraph would be
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184 rendered as "The next paragraph is a code sample:".
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185
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186
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187 .. _rst-tables:
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188
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189 Tables
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190 ------
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191
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192 Two forms of tables are supported. For *grid tables* (:duref:`ref
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193 <grid-tables>`), you have to "paint" the cell grid yourself. They look like
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194 this::
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195
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196 +------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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197 | Header row, column 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 | Header 4 |
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198 | (header rows optional) | | | |
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199 +========================+============+==========+==========+
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200 | body row 1, column 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
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201 +------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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202 | body row 2 | ... | ... | |
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203 +------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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204
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205 *Simple tables* (:duref:`ref <simple-tables>`) are easier to write, but
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206 limited: they must contain more than one row, and the first column cannot
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207 contain multiple lines. They look like this::
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208
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209 ===== ===== =======
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210 A B A and B
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211 ===== ===== =======
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212 False False False
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213 True False False
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214 False True False
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215 True True True
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216 ===== ===== =======
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217
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218
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219 Hyperlinks
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220 ----------
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221
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222 External links
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223 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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224
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225 Use ```Link text <http://example.com/>`_`` for inline web links. If the link
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226 text should be the web address, you don't need special markup at all, the parser
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227 finds links and mail addresses in ordinary text.
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228
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229 You can also separate the link and the target definition (:duref:`ref
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230 <hyperlink-targets>`), like this::
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231
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232 This is a paragraph that contains `a link`_.
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233
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234 .. _a link: http://example.com/
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235
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236
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237 Internal links
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238 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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239
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240 Internal linking is done via a special reST role provided by Sphinx, see the
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241 section on specific markup, :ref:`ref-role`.
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242
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243
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244 Sections
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245 --------
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246
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247 Section headers (:duref:`ref <sections>`) are created by underlining (and
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248 optionally overlining) the section title with a punctuation character, at least
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249 as long as the text::
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250
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251 =================
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252 This is a heading
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253 =================
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254
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255 Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the
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256 structure is determined from the succession of headings. However, for the
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257 Python documentation, this convention is used which you may follow:
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258
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259 * ``#`` with overline, for parts
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260 * ``*`` with overline, for chapters
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261 * ``=``, for sections
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262 * ``-``, for subsections
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263 * ``^``, for subsubsections
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264 * ``"``, for paragraphs
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265
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266 Of course, you are free to use your own marker characters (see the reST
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267 documentation), and use a deeper nesting level, but keep in mind that most
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268 target formats (HTML, LaTeX) have a limited supported nesting depth.
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269
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270
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271 Explicit Markup
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272 ---------------
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273
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274 "Explicit markup" (:duref:`ref <explicit-markup-blocks>`) is used in reST for
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275 most constructs that need special handling, such as footnotes,
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276 specially-highlighted paragraphs, comments, and generic directives.
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277
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278 An explicit markup block begins with a line starting with ``..`` followed by
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279 whitespace and is terminated by the next paragraph at the same level of
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280 indentation. (There needs to be a blank line between explicit markup and normal
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281 paragraphs. This may all sound a bit complicated, but it is intuitive enough
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282 when you write it.)
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283
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284
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285 .. _directives:
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286
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287 Directives
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288 ----------
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289
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290 A directive (:duref:`ref <directives>`) is a generic block of explicit markup.
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291 Besides roles, it is one of the extension mechanisms of reST, and Sphinx makes
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292 heavy use of it.
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293
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294 Docutils supports the following directives:
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295
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296 * Admonitions: :dudir:`attention`, :dudir:`caution`, :dudir:`danger`,
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297 :dudir:`error`, :dudir:`hint`, :dudir:`important`, :dudir:`note`,
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298 :dudir:`tip`, :dudir:`warning` and the generic :dudir:`admonition`.
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299 (Most themes style only "note" and "warning" specially.)
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300
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301 * Images:
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302
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303 - :dudir:`image` (see also Images_ below)
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304 - :dudir:`figure` (an image with caption and optional legend)
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305
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306 * Additional body elements:
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307
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308 - :dudir:`contents` (a local, i.e. for the current file only, table of
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309 contents)
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310 - :dudir:`container` (a container with a custom class, useful to generate an
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311 outer ``<div>`` in HTML)
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312 - :dudir:`rubric` (a heading without relation to the document sectioning)
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313 - :dudir:`topic`, :dudir:`sidebar` (special highlighted body elements)
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314 - :dudir:`parsed-literal` (literal block that supports inline markup)
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315 - :dudir:`epigraph` (a block quote with optional attribution line)
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316 - :dudir:`highlights`, :dudir:`pull-quote` (block quotes with their own
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317 class attribute)
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318 - :dudir:`compound` (a compound paragraph)
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319
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320 * Special tables:
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321
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322 - :dudir:`table` (a table with title)
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323 - :dudir:`csv-table` (a table generated from comma-separated values)
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324 - :dudir:`list-table` (a table generated from a list of lists)
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325
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326 * Special directives:
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327
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328 - :dudir:`raw` (include raw target-format markup)
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329 - :dudir:`include` (include reStructuredText from another file)
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330 -- in Sphinx, when given an absolute include file path, this directive takes
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331 it as relative to the source directory
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332 - :dudir:`class` (assign a class attribute to the next element) [1]_
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333
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334 * HTML specifics:
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335
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336 - :dudir:`meta` (generation of HTML ``<meta>`` tags)
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337 - :dudir:`title` (override document title)
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338
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339 * Influencing markup:
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340
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341 - :dudir:`default-role` (set a new default role)
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342 - :dudir:`role` (create a new role)
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343
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344 Since these are only per-file, better use Sphinx' facilities for setting the
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345 :confval:`default_role`.
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346
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347 Do *not* use the directives :dudir:`sectnum`, :dudir:`header` and
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348 :dudir:`footer`.
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349
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350 Directives added by Sphinx are described in :ref:`sphinxmarkup`.
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351
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352 Basically, a directive consists of a name, arguments, options and content. (Keep
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353 this terminology in mind, it is used in the next chapter describing custom
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354 directives.) Looking at this example, ::
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355
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356 .. function:: foo(x)
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357 foo(y, z)
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358 :module: some.module.name
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359
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360 Return a line of text input from the user.
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361
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362 ``function`` is the directive name. It is given two arguments here, the
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363 remainder of the first line and the second line, as well as one option
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364 ``module`` (as you can see, options are given in the lines immediately following
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365 the arguments and indicated by the colons). Options must be indented to the
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366 same level as the directive content.
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367
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368 The directive content follows after a blank line and is indented relative to the
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369 directive start.
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370
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371
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372 Images
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373 ------
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374
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375 reST supports an image directive (:dudir:`ref <image>`), used like so::
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376
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377 .. image:: gnu.png
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378 (options)
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379
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380 When used within Sphinx, the file name given (here ``gnu.png``) must either be
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381 relative to the source file, or absolute which means that they are relative to
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382 the top source directory. For example, the file ``sketch/spam.rst`` could refer
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383 to the image ``images/spam.png`` as ``../images/spam.png`` or
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384 ``/images/spam.png``.
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385
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386 Sphinx will automatically copy image files over to a subdirectory of the output
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387 directory on building (e.g. the ``_static`` directory for HTML output.)
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388
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389 Interpretation of image size options (``width`` and ``height``) is as follows:
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390 if the size has no unit or the unit is pixels, the given size will only be
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391 respected for output channels that support pixels (i.e. not in LaTeX output).
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392 Other units (like ``pt`` for points) will be used for HTML and LaTeX output.
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393
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394 Sphinx extends the standard docutils behavior by allowing an asterisk for the
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395 extension::
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396
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397 .. image:: gnu.*
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398
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399 Sphinx then searches for all images matching the provided pattern and determines
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400 their type. Each builder then chooses the best image out of these candidates.
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401 For instance, if the file name ``gnu.*`` was given and two files :file:`gnu.pdf`
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402 and :file:`gnu.png` existed in the source tree, the LaTeX builder would choose
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403 the former, while the HTML builder would prefer the latter.
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404
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405 .. versionchanged:: 0.4
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406 Added the support for file names ending in an asterisk.
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407
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408 .. versionchanged:: 0.6
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409 Image paths can now be absolute.
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410
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411
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412 Footnotes
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413 ---------
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414
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415 For footnotes (:duref:`ref <footnotes>`), use ``[#name]_`` to mark the footnote
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416 location, and add the footnote body at the bottom of the document after a
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417 "Footnotes" rubric heading, like so::
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418
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419 Lorem ipsum [#f1]_ dolor sit amet ... [#f2]_
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420
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421 .. rubric:: Footnotes
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422
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423 .. [#f1] Text of the first footnote.
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424 .. [#f2] Text of the second footnote.
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425
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426 You can also explicitly number the footnotes (``[1]_``) or use auto-numbered
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427 footnotes without names (``[#]_``).
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428
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429
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430 Citations
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431 ---------
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432
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433 Standard reST citations (:duref:`ref <citations>`) are supported, with the
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434 additional feature that they are "global", i.e. all citations can be referenced
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435 from all files. Use them like so::
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436
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437 Lorem ipsum [Ref]_ dolor sit amet.
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438
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439 .. [Ref] Book or article reference, URL or whatever.
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440
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441 Citation usage is similar to footnote usage, but with a label that is not
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442 numeric or begins with ``#``.
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443
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444
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445 Substitutions
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446 -------------
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447
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448 reST supports "substitutions" (:duref:`ref <substitution-definitions>`), which
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449 are pieces of text and/or markup referred to in the text by ``|name|``. They
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450 are defined like footnotes with explicit markup blocks, like this::
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451
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452 .. |name| replace:: replacement *text*
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453
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454 or this::
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455
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456 .. |caution| image:: warning.png
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457 :alt: Warning!
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458
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459 See the :duref:`reST reference for substitutions <substitution-definitions>`
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460 for details.
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461
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462 If you want to use some substitutions for all documents, put them into
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463 :confval:`rst_prolog` or put them into a separate file and include it into all
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464 documents you want to use them in, using the :rst:dir:`include` directive. (Be
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465 sure to give the include file a file name extension differing from that of other
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466 source files, to avoid Sphinx finding it as a standalone document.)
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467
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468 Sphinx defines some default substitutions, see :ref:`default-substitutions`.
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469
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470
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471 Comments
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472 --------
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473
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474 Every explicit markup block which isn't a valid markup construct (like the
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475 footnotes above) is regarded as a comment (:duref:`ref <comments>`). For
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476 example::
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477
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478 .. This is a comment.
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479
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480 You can indent text after a comment start to form multiline comments::
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481
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482 ..
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483 This whole indented block
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484 is a comment.
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485
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486 Still in the comment.
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487
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488
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489 Source encoding
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490 ---------------
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491
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492 Since the easiest way to include special characters like em dashes or copyright
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493 signs in reST is to directly write them as Unicode characters, one has to
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494 specify an encoding. Sphinx assumes source files to be encoded in UTF-8 by
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495 default; you can change this with the :confval:`source_encoding` config value.
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496
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497
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498 Gotchas
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499 -------
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500
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501 There are some problems one commonly runs into while authoring reST documents:
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502
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503 * **Separation of inline markup:** As said above, inline markup spans must be
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504 separated from the surrounding text by non-word characters, you have to use a
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505 backslash-escaped space to get around that. See `the reference
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506 <http://docutils.sf.net/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#inline-markup>`_
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507 for the details.
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508
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509 * **No nested inline markup:** Something like ``*see :func:`foo`*`` is not
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510 possible.
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511
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512
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513 .. rubric:: Footnotes
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514
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515 .. [1] When the default domain contains a :rst:dir:`class` directive, this directive
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516 will be shadowed. Therefore, Sphinx re-exports it as :rst:dir:`rst-class`.
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517 </textarea></form>
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518
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519 <script>
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520 var editor = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(document.getElementById("code"), {
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521 lineNumbers: true,
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522 });
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523 </script>
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524 <p>
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525 The <code>python</code> mode will be used for highlighting blocks
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526 containing Python/IPython terminal sessions: blocks starting with
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527 <code>>>></code> (for Python) or <code>In [num]:</code> (for
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528 IPython).
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529
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530 Further, the <code>stex</code> mode will be used for highlighting
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531 blocks containing LaTex code.
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532 </p>
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533
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534 <p><strong>MIME types defined:</strong> <code>text/x-rst</code>.</p>
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535 </article>
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